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VLDL loses some of its contents (again, via LPL) в†’ converted to IDL.

Liver can package and release these contents as VLDL into the bloodstream:.

Its main functions are detoxification, metabolism, nutrient storage (e.g., iron and vitamins), synthesis of coagulation factors, formation of bile, filtration, and storage of blood. The liver is found in the superior right quadrant of the abdomen and weighs approximately 1.5 kilograms.

Chylomicron remnants travel to the liver Liver The liver is the largest gland in the human body.

There are three types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and beige or 'brite' adipose tissue, which is a transitional form.

Most commonly occurs in muscle and adipose tissue Adipose tissue Adipose tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that has both structural and highly complex metabolic functions, including energy storage, glucose homeostasis, and a multitude of endocrine capabilities.

Apo C activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) в†’ triglycerides are digested to fatty acids.Chylomicrons lose some of their contents в†’ chylomicron remnants.Because a capillary diameter is so small, only 1 RBC may pass through at a time. Capillaries are the smallest of the blood vessels. Travel to the lymphatic circulation в†’ bloodstream в†’ capillaries Capillaries Capillaries are the primary structures in the circulatory system that allow the exchange of gas, nutrients, and other materials between the blood and the extracellular fluid (ECF).Cholesterol and triglycerides are packaged as chylomicrons (synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells):.Emulsification of cholesterol with bile salts in the intestine в†’ emulsion travels through the intestinal wall.Table: Composition of lipoproteins Lipoprotein Hormones play critical roles in coordinating cellular activities throughout the body in response to the constant changes in both the internal and external environments. Steroid hormones Hormones Hormones are messenger molecules that are synthesized in one part of the body and move through the bloodstream to exert specific regulatory effects on another part of the body.Note how the cyclical structures are maintained throughout the conversion process. The image provides a good comparison between the 2 molecules. HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA Image by Lecturio.Дiagram showing the steps of the mevalonate pathway from the isoprenoid precursors to lanosterol Image by Lecturio.Дiagram numbering the rest of the steps needed for the transformation of lanosterol into cholesterol: HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme AДiagram showing the steps of the mevalonate pathway in the synthesis of the isoprenoid precursors, which are the building blocks of cholesterol: The number of carbons within each chemical structure is noted to the left. The synthesis of cholesterol by the mevalonate pathway: Squalene is modified в†’ lanosterol (Note: Acetyl-CoA is the exclusive building block up to this point.).2 farnesyl-PP molecules are joined в†’ squalene.

Another IPP is added в†’ farnesyl pyrophosphate (farnesyl-PP).IPP and DMAPP are combined в†’ geranyl pyrophosphate (geranyl-PP).

Mevalonate в†’ isoprenoid precursors (by decarboxylating mevalonate):.

Inhibition results in lowered intrahepatocytic cholesterol formation, resulting in up-regulation of LDL receptors and, ultimately, lowering levels of serum LDL and triglycerides. HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis.

Target for cholesterol-lowering medications ( statins Statins Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase in the liver.

Only regulated enzyme step in the process (feedback inhibition by cholesterol).

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase adds another acetyl-CoA в†’ ОІ-hydroxy-ОІ-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA).

Thiolase catalyzes the joining of 2 acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA precursor) molecules в†’ acetoacetyl-CoA.

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Students: EducatorsвЂ™ Pro Tips for Tough TopicsД¬holesterolвЂ™s synthesis pathway overlaps with the synthesis of ketone bodies.

Fundamentals of Nursing: Clinical Skills.

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